214.
During hearing of a court case, the judge suspected that some changes in the documents had been carried out. He asked the forensic department to check the ink used at two different places. According to you which technique can give the best results?
$$\eqalign{
& KOH \to {K^ + } + O{H^ - } \cr
& RX + \mathop {O{H^ - }}\limits_{{\text{Nucleophile}}} \to R - OH + {X^ - } \cr} $$
$$O{H^ - }$$ is a stronger nucleophile than halogen. So it easily replace the weaker nucleophile.
Nucleophiles are either negative charge or lone pair of electrons bearing species, e.g. $$O{H^ - },\ddot N{H_3},\,$$ etc.
219.
Base strength of
$$\eqalign{
& \left( {\text{i}} \right)\,{H_3}C\mathop C\limits^\Theta \,{H_2} \cr
& \left( {{\text{ii}}} \right)\,{H_2}C = \mathop C\limits^\Theta H \cr
& \left( {{\text{iii}}} \right)H - C \equiv \mathop C\limits^\Theta \cr} $$
is in the order of
Weaker the acid, stronger is its conjugate base. Among alkane, alkene and alkyne, alkynes are most acidic and alkanes are least acidic, so the order of base strength is
$$\eqalign{
& alkane > alkene > \,alkyne\,\,\,\,\,\,{\text{or}} \cr
& C{H_3}\mathop C\limits^\Theta {H_2} > {H_2}C = \mathop C\limits^\Theta H > H - C \equiv \mathop C\limits^\Theta \cr} $$
220.
How many degrees of unsaturation are there in the following compound ?