Insulin hormone helps in the conversion of glucose into glycogen by the liver and skeletal muscle. Insulin is secreted by pancreas that lower blood glucose level.

Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide made of only $$\beta {\text{ - }}$$glucose units.

Synthesis of polypeptide is known as translation. For this process three type of $$RNA$$  are essential.

Every amino acid exists exclusively as dipolar ion when the $$pH$$  of the solution is equal to its isoelectric point $$(pI),$$  hence at this $$pH$$  it does not migrate to either electrode, while at other $$pH,$$  an amino acid migrates either to cathode or to anode depending upon its $$pI.$$  Thus at $$pH$$  9.60 amino acid with $$pI$$  5.40 will exist as an anion and migrate to anode; while that with $$pI$$  9.60 will not migrate to any electrode.

By convention, the amino acid with the free amino group ( $$N$$ - terminal ) is written at the left end and the one with the unreacted carboxyl group ( $$C$$ - terminal ) at the right end. Thus, the structure of $$Gly.$$  Ala is

$$\alpha $$ - Amino acids exist as zwitter ion.
\[{{\left( C{{H}_{3}} \right)}_{2}}CH\underset{\begin{smallmatrix} |\,\,\,\,\,\, \\ N{{H}_{2}}\,\, \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{-CH-}}\,COOH\to \]       \[{{\left( C{{H}_{3}} \right)}_{2}}CH\underset{\begin{smallmatrix} |\,\,\,\,\,\, \\ ^{^{+}}N{{H}_{3}}\,\,\,\, \\ \text{Zwitter ion} \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{-CH-}}\,CO{{O}^{-}}\]

Antibodies are the proteins which protect the body against toxic substances and infections. When an antigen enter in the body cells, the antibodies present in the body destroyed the antigen.

Vitamin $$A$$ or retinol.

Vitamin $${B_{12}}$$  contains both $$N$$  and $$P$$

It is a reducing sugar. The free aldehyde group can be produced at $$C{\text{ - 1}}$$  of second glucose in solution and it shows reducing properties.