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Glycolysis is the first stage in the oxidation of glucose. It is an anaerobic process and involves the degradation of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the generation of two molecules of $$ATP.$$

Disulphide bond may be reduced to thiol by means of reagents, i.e. $$NaB{H_4}$$  which shows the presence of thiol group in disulphide bond formation.

Those diastereomers which differ only in configuration at $$C{\text{ - }}1$$  are known as anomers

With the exception of glycine all the 19 other common amino acids have a uniquely different functional group on the central tetrahedral alpha carbon.

Polypeptides, proteins and urea have
( peptide ) linkage while carbohydrates have glycosidic llinkages. So, test of carbohydtrates should be different from that of other three.

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Amino acids like lysine, arginine and histidine which contain two $$ - N{H_2}$$  groups and one $$ - COOH$$  group, are called basic amino acids.

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\[\underset{\begin{smallmatrix} |\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \\ \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,C{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{2}}COOH \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{{{H}_{3}}\overset{+}{\mathop{N}}\,-CH-CO{{O}^{-}}}}\,\xrightarrow[\text{ionization}]{\text{Second}}\]       \[\underset{\begin{smallmatrix} |\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \\ \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,C{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{2}}CO{{O}^{-}} \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{{{H}_{3}}\overset{+}{\mathop{N}}\,-CH-CO{{O}^{-}}}}\,\]
$$\eqalign{ & {\text{So,}}\,\,pI = \frac{{p{K_{{a_1}}} + p{K_{{a_3}}}}}{2} \cr & \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, = \frac{{2.2 + 4.3}}{2} \cr & \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, = 3.25 \cr} $$