The decrease in ionisation enthalpy from $$B$$ to $$Al$$ is associated with increase in size. The observed discontinuity in the ionisation enthalpy values between $$Al$$ and $$Ga,$$ and between $$In$$ and $$Tl$$ are due to inability of $$d$$ - and $$f$$ - electrons, which have low screening effect, to compensate the increase in nuclear charge.
In $${P_4}{O_{10}}$$ each $$P$$ atom is linked to 4 oxygen atoms as can be confirmed by its structure. It is linked to three oxygen atoms by single bond and with one oxygen atom by double bond.
537.
\[N{{a}_{2}}{{B}_{4}}{{O}_{7}}\cdot 10{{H}_{2}}O\xrightarrow{\Delta }X\] \[\xrightarrow{\Delta }Y+Z\]
$$X, Y$$ and $$Z$$ in the reaction are
A
$$X = N{a_2}{B_4}{O_7},Y = NaB{O_2},$$ $$Z = {B_2}{O_3}$$
B
$$X = N{a_2}{B_4}{O_7},Y = {B_2}{O_3},$$ $$Z = {H_3}B{O_3}$$
\[N{{a}_{2}}{{B}_{4}}{{O}_{7}}\cdot 10{{H}_{2}}O\xrightarrow{\Delta }\underset{\left( X \right)}{\mathop{N{{a}_{2}}{{B}_{4}}{{O}_{7}}}}\,\] \[\xrightarrow{\Delta }\underset{\left( Y \right)}{\mathop{2NaB{{O}_{2}}}}\,+\underset{\left( Z \right)}{\mathop{{{B}_{2}}{{O}_{3}}}}\,\]
538.
A black powder when heated with conc. $$HCl$$ gives a greenish yellow gas. The gas acts as an oxidising and a bleaching agent. When it is passed over slaked lime, a white powder is formed which is a ready source of the greenish yellow gas. The black powder and white powder respectively are
A
$$KCl{O_3}\,{\text{and}}\,NaCl{O_3}$$
B
$$Mn{O_2}\,{\text{and}}\,Ca{\left( {OCl} \right)_2}$$
539.
Aluminium is usually found in $$ + 3$$ oxidation state. In
contrast, thallium exists in $$ + 1\,\,{\text{and}} + 3$$ oxidation states. This is due to:
Due to the inert pair effect, thallium exists in more than one oxidation state. Also, for thallium + 1 oxidation state is more stable than + 3 oxidation state.
540.
In the commercial electrochemical process for aluminium extraction the electrolyte used is
A
$$Al{\left( {OH} \right)_3}$$ in $$NaOH$$ solution
B
an aqueous solution of $$A{l_2}{\left( {S{O_4}} \right)_3}.$$
C
a molten mixture of $$A{l_2}{O_3}$$ and $$N{a_3}Al{F_6}$$
D
a molten mixture of $$AlO\left( {OH} \right)$$ and $$Al{\left( {OH} \right)_3}$$
Answer :
a molten mixture of $$A{l_2}{O_3}$$ and $$N{a_3}Al{F_6}$$