Question

For the three events $$A, B$$  and $$C, P$$  (exactly one of the events $$A$$ or $$B$$ occurs) = $$P$$ (exactly one of the two events $$B$$ or $$C$$ occurs) = $$P$$ (exactly one of the events $$C$$ or $$A$$ occurs) = $$p$$ and $$P$$ (all the three events occur simultaneously) = $${p^2},$$  where 0 < $$p$$ < $$\frac{1}{2}.$$ Then the probability of at least one of the three events $$A, B$$  and $$C$$ occurring is

A. $$\frac{{3p + 2{p^2}}}{2}$$  
B. $$\frac{{p + 3{p^2}}}{4}$$
C. $$\frac{{p + 3{p^2}}}{2}$$
D. $$\frac{{3p + 2{p^2}}}{4}$$
Answer :   $$\frac{{3p + 2{p^2}}}{2}$$
Solution :
We know that $$P$$ (exactly one of $$A$$ or $$B$$ occurs)
$$ = P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) - 2P\left( {A \cap B} \right).$$
Therefore, $$P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) - 2P\left( {A \cap B} \right) = p\,\,\,.....\left( 1 \right)$$
Similarly, $$P\left( B \right) + P\left( C \right) - 2P\left( {B \cap C} \right) = P\,\,\,.....\left( 2 \right)$$
and $$P\left( C \right) + P\left( A \right) - 2P\left( {C \cap A} \right) = P\,\,\,.....\left( 3 \right)$$
Adding (1), (2) and (3) we get
$$\eqalign{ & 2\left[ {P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) + P\left( C \right) - P\left( {A \cap B} \right) - P\left( {B \cap C} \right) - P\left( {C \cap A} \right)} \right] = 3p \cr & \Rightarrow \,\,P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) + P\left( C \right) - P\left( {A \cap B} \right) - P\left( {B \cap C} \right) - P\left( {C \cap A} \right) = \frac{{3p}}{2}\,\,\,\,.....\left( 4 \right) \cr} $$
We are also given that,
$$P\left( {A \cap B \cap C} \right) = {p^2}\,\,\,\,\,.....\left( 5 \right)$$
Now, $$P$$ (at least one of $$A, B$$  and $$C$$)
$$ = P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) + P\left( C \right) - P\left( {A \cap B} \right) - P\left( {B \cap C} \right) - P\left( {C \cap A} \right) + P\left( {A \cap B \cap C} \right)$$
$$ = \frac{{3p}}{2} + {p^2}$$     [using (4) and (5)] $$ = \frac{{3p + 2{p^2}}}{2}$$

Releted MCQ Question on
Statistics and Probability >> Probability

Releted Question 1

Two fair dice are tossed. Let $$x$$ be the event that the first die shows an even number and $$y$$ be the event that the second die shows an odd number. The two events $$x$$ and $$y$$ are:

A. Mutually exclusive
B. Independent and mutually exclusive
C. Dependent
D. None of these
Releted Question 2

Two events $$A$$ and $$B$$ have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. The probability that both $$A$$ and $$B$$ occur simultaneously is 0.14. Then the probability that neither $$A$$ nor $$B$$ occurs is

A. 0.39
B. 0.25
C. 0.11
D. none of these
Releted Question 3

The probability that an event $$A$$ happens in one trial of an experiment is 0.4. Three independent trials of the experiment are performed. The probability that the event $$A$$ happens at least once is

A. 0.936
B. 0.784
C. 0.904
D. none of these
Releted Question 4

If $$A$$ and $$B$$ are two events such that $$P(A) > 0,$$   and $$P\left( B \right) \ne 1,$$   then $$P\left( {\frac{{\overline A }}{{\overline B }}} \right)$$  is equal to
(Here $$\overline A$$ and $$\overline B$$ are complements of $$A$$ and $$B$$ respectively).

A. $$1 - P\left( {\frac{A}{B}} \right)$$
B. $$1 - P\left( {\frac{{\overline A }}{B}} \right)$$
C. $$\frac{{1 - P\left( {A \cup B} \right)}}{{P\left( {\overline B } \right)}}$$
D. $$\frac{{P\left( {\overline A } \right)}}{{P\left( {\overline B } \right)}}$$

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Probability


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